Document Type

Article

Publication Date

9-22-2021

Publication Title

Front Cell Dev Biol

Keywords

JMG

JAX Source

Front Cell Dev Biol 2021 Sep 22; 9:750587

Volume

9

First Page

750587

Last Page

750587

ISSN

2296-634X

PMID

34568347

DOI

https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.750587

Grant

JAX Institutional Support, GM0103423, GM104318

Abstract

The lack of scar-free healing and regeneration in many adult human tissues imposes severe limitations on the recovery of function after injury. In stark contrast, salamanders can functionally repair a range of clinically relevant tissues throughout adult life. The impressive ability to regenerate whole limbs after amputation, or regenerate following cardiac injury, is critically dependent on the recruitment of (myeloid) macrophage white blood cells to the site of injury. Amputation in the absence of macrophages results in regeneration failure and scar tissue induction. Identifying the exact hematopoietic source or reservoir of myeloid cells supporting regeneration is a necessary step in characterizing differences in macrophage phenotypes regulating scarring or regeneration across species. Mammalian wounds are dominated by splenic-derived monocytes that originate in the bone marrow and differentiate into macrophages within the wound. Unlike mammals, adult axolotls do not have functional bone marrow but instead utilize liver and spleen tissues as major sites for adult hematopoiesis. To interrogate leukocyte identity, tissue origins, and modes of recruitment, we established several transgenic axolotl hematopoietic tissue transplant models and flow cytometry protocols to study cell migration and identify the source of pro-regenerative macrophages. We identified that although bidirectional trafficking of leukocytes can occur between spleen and liver tissues, the liver is the major source of leukocytes recruited to regenerating limbs. Recruitment of leukocytes and limb regeneration occurs in the absence of the spleen, thus confirming the dependence of liver-derived myeloid cells in regeneration and that splenic maturation is dispensable for the education of pro-regenerative macrophages. This work provides an important foundation for understanding the hematopoietic origins and education of myeloid cells recruited to, and essential for, adult tissue regeneration.

Comments

We would like to acknowledge the assistance the Flowcore (Monash University) and Will Schott of the JAX flow cytometry facility for assistance in FACS sorting and helpful discussions. Images were acquired using equipment the ARMI, MMI (Monash Micro Imaging), and the Light Microscopy Facility at the MDIBL, which was supported by the Maine INBRE grant (GM103423) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences at the National Institutes of Health.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

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